El indigenado en la provincia de Buenos Aires

Los primeros conocimientos de los pobladores aborígenes del Sur de la provincia son debidos a Juan de Garay, el fundador de Buenos Aires. Por la descripción que él hace, podemos sacar conclusiones de que su origen fué en las provincias de Cuyo. Una centuria y media después, es sabido, históricamente, que esos elementos han sido sustituidos por los autóctonos de Río Negro y Neuquén, pero dos décadas más tarde ellos debieron a su regreso, entregar la tierra a los “araucanos” quienes habían venido a través de los Andes desde principios del siglo XVI. Los descubrimientos antropológicos en la península de San Blas con sus calaveras humanas decoradas geométricamente en diversos colores, son un documento testimonial impecable de sus orígenes cuyanos y son los descubrimientos de Malacara, Juancho, Los Talas y Banderoló por sus señales evidentes de tener un esqueleto de sus cuerpos. El “araucano” de la época de la campaña del desierto fué producto de una hibridización en las últimas tres centurias; de ahí que no podamos esperar que sus descendientes sean tipos puros. Ya en ese tiempo el cacique principal tenía rasgos físicos del tipo europeo. La experiencia antropológica señaló que la herencia de la altura y la forma craneana (índice cefálico) es completamente falso. La complexión, el color de los ojos y el color del cabello son los tres rasgos que pueden ayudar más exactamente para tener una remembranza física de sus antecesores. Los pocos granjeros de “Los Toldos” fueron los últimos sobrevivientes de la tribu de Coliqueo en su más alto grado de constante cruza. Aparte de ello el éxodo es ininterrumpido desde que comenzó hace 15 años; ésto ha reducido al mínimo el número de gente que puede ser estudiada. Verdaderamente, los indios no existen más en la provincia de Buenos Aires.The first knowledge of the aboriginal population — stationary occupants of the South of the province — is due to Juan de Garay the founder of Buenos Aires. By the description he makes one may conclude that their origin was the Cuyo provinces. A century and a half after, it is known, historically, that those elements had been substituted by the autochtonous of Río Negro and Neuquén, but two decades afterwards, these must, on their turn, surrendered the land to the “araucanos” who had come across the Andes from the beginning of the xvi century. The anthropological discoveries in the Península San Blas with its human skulls geometrically decorated in several colours are an umpeachable testimonial document of their Cuyo origin, and so are the discoveries of Malacara, Juancho. Los Talas and Banderaló for their evident signs of having made a skeleton of their bodies. The “araucano” of the time of the desert campaign was product of a hybridization lasting three centuries; therefore one cannot expect his descendants to be puré types. Alredy in that time main caciques had physiognomical features of European type. The anthropological experience has a pointed out that the inheritance of the height and skull form (cephalic Índex) is completely deceitful. Complexión, color of eyes and color of hair are the three features which help most exactly to keep the somatomatic remembrance of the ancestors. The few farmers of “Los Toldos” —last survivors of the Coliqueo tribe— show in the highest degree the constant breed Crossing. Apart from it the exodus is uninterrupted ever since it began 15 years ago; this has reduced to the mínimum the number of people that can be studied. Truly, the Indian exists no more in the province of Buenos Aires.Digitalizado en SEDICI-CIC Digital.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNM

El indigenado en la provincia de Buenos Aires

Los primeros conocimientos de los pobladores aborígenes del Sur de la provincia son debidos a Juan de Garay, el fundador de Buenos Aires. Por la descripción que él hace, podemos sacar conclusiones de que su origen fué en las provincias de Cuyo. Una centuria y media después, es sabido, históricamente, que esos elementos han sido sustituidos por los autóctonos de Río Negro y Neuquén, pero dos décadas más tarde ellos debieron a su regreso, entregar la tierra a los “araucanos” quienes habían venido a través de los Andes desde principios del siglo XVI. Los descubrimientos antropológicos en la península de San Blas con sus calaveras humanas decoradas geométricamente en diversos colores, son un documento testimonial impecable de sus orígenes cuyanos y son los descubrimientos de Malacara, Juancho, Los Talas y Banderoló por sus señales evidentes de tener un esqueleto de sus cuerpos. El “araucano” de la época de la campaña del desierto fué producto de una hibridización en las últimas tres centurias; de ahí que no podamos esperar que sus descendientes sean tipos puros. Ya en ese tiempo el cacique principal tenía rasgos físicos del tipo europeo. La experiencia antropológica señaló que la herencia de la altura y la forma craneana (índice cefálico) es completamente falso. La complexión, el color de los ojos y el color del cabello son los tres rasgos que pueden ayudar más exactamente para tener una remembranza física de sus antecesores. Los pocos granjeros de “Los Toldos” fueron los últimos sobrevivientes de la tribu de Coliqueo en su más alto grado de constante cruza. Aparte de ello el éxodo es ininterrumpido desde que comenzó hace 15 años; ésto ha reducido al mínimo el número de gente que puede ser estudiada. Verdaderamente, los indios no existen más en la provincia de Buenos Aires.The first knowledge of the aboriginal population — stationary occupants of the South of the province — is due to Juan de Garay the founder of Buenos Aires. By the description he makes one may conclude that their origin was the Cuyo provinces. A century and a half after, it is known, historically, that those elements had been substituted by the autochtonous of Río Negro and Neuquén, but two decades afterwards, these must, on their turn, surrendered the land to the “araucanos” who had come across the Andes from the beginning of the xvi century. The anthropological discoveries in the Península San Blas with its human skulls geometrically decorated in several colours are an umpeachable testimonial document of their Cuyo origin, and so are the discoveries of Malacara, Juancho. Los Talas and Banderaló for their evident signs of having made a skeleton of their bodies. The “araucano” of the time of the desert campaign was product of a hybridization lasting three centuries; therefore one cannot expect his descendants to be puré types. Alredy in that time main caciques had physiognomical features of European type. The anthropological experience has a pointed out that the inheritance of the height and skull form (cephalic Índex) is completely deceitful. Complexión, color of eyes and color of hair are the three features which help most exactly to keep the somatomatic remembrance of the ancestors. The few farmers of “Los Toldos” —last survivors of the Coliqueo tribe— show in the highest degree the constant breed Crossing. Apart from it the exodus is uninterrupted ever since it began 15 years ago; this has reduced to the mínimum the number of people that can be studied. Truly, the Indian exists no more in the province of Buenos Aires.Digitalizado en SEDICI-CIC Digital.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNM

Trace element contamination in the arms of the Danube Delta (Romania/Ukraine): Current state of knowledge and future needs

This paper provides the first critical synopsis of contamination by selected trace elements in the whole Danube Delta (Romania/Ukraine) to: identify general patterns of contamination by trace elements across the Delta, provide recommendations to refine existing monitoring networks and discuss the potential toxicity of trace elements in the whole Delta. Sediment samples were collected between 2004 and 2007 in the three main branches of the Delta (Chilia, Sulina and Sfantu Gheorghe) and in the secondary delta of the Chilia branch. Samples were analyzed for trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) and TiO2, Fe2O3, MnO, CaCO3 and total organic carbon. Cluster analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were influenced by anthropogenic activities. At the opposite, concentrations of Cr and Ni largely originated from the weathering of rocks located in the Romanian part of the Danube catchment and naturally rich in these elements. Data analysis using Self- Organizing Maps confirmed the conclusions of CA/PCA and further detected that the contamination tended to be higher in the Chilia and Sulina arms than in the Sfantu Gheorghe arm. The potential ecological risks due to trace element contamination in the Danube Delta could be identified as moderate and localized, provided that the presence of the natural sources of Cr and Ni was properly considered. The available results suggest that monitoring sediment quality at the mouths of Sulina and Sfantu Gheorghe arms is probably enough to get a picture of the sediment quality along their entire lengths. However, a larger network of monitoring points is necessary in the Chilia and secondary Chilia delta to account for the presence of local point sources and for the more complex hydrodynamic of this part of the Danube Delta

Pain Distraction During Awake Major Colorectal Surgery: Supporting Patients Beyond the COVID-19 Era. Preliminary Findings

Introduction: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, hospitals rapidly ran out of intensive care beds. Because minimally invasive surgery and general anaesthesia are both aerosol-generating procedures, their use has become controversial. We report a case series of awake undelayable colorectal surgeries which, innovatively, took advantage of intraoperative pain distraction. Moreover, we describe our frugal solution to social distancing in psychological support of inpatients. Methods: Between October 2020 and February 2021, five patients underwent acute-care colorectal surgery under locoregional anaesthesia in our department. A 3D mobile theatre (3DMT) was used during the operation to distract the patients from pain. Vital signs, pain intensity, ergonomic comfort/discomfort, sense of presence and distress were intraoperatively monitored. A postoperative “cuddle delivery” service was instituted: video messages from relatives and close friends were delivered daily to the patient through the 3DMT. Emotional effects were investigated through clinical interviews conducted by a psychologist at our hospital. Results: Both intraoperative and postoperative pain were always well controlled. Conversion to general anaesthesia and postoperative intensive support/monitoring were never necessary. The “cuddle delivery” initiative helped patients fill the emotional gap created by the strict containment measures implemented inside the hospital, distracting them from emotional anxiety and physical pain. Conclusions: During the next phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and even after the COVID-19 era, awake laparotomy under locoregional anaesthesia may be a crucial option for delivering acute-care surgery to selected patients when intensive care beds are unavailable and postponing surgery is unacceptable. We also introduce a new modality for the provision of emotional support during postoperative inpatient care as a countermeasure to the restrictions imposed by social distancing measures

Characterization of the KID-Based Light Detectors of CALDER

The aim of the Cryogenic wide-Area Light Detectors with Excellent Resolution (CALDER) project is the development of light detectors with active area of $5\times5$ cm$^2$ and noise energy resolution smaller than 20 eV RMS, implementing phonon-mediated kinetic inductance detectors. The detectors are developed to improve the background suppression in large-mass bolometric experiments such as CUORE, via the double read-out of the light and the heat released by particles interacting in the bolometers. In this work, we present the characterization of the first light detectors developed by CALDER. We describe the analysis tools to evaluate the resonator parameters (resonant frequency and quality factors) taking into account simultaneously all the resonance distortions introduced by the read-out chain (as the feed-line impedance and its mismatch) and by the power stored in the resonator itself. We detail the method for the selection of the optimal point for the detector operation (maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio). Finally, we present the response of the detector to optical pulses in the energy range of 0-30 keV

New application of superconductors: high sensitivity cryogenic light detectors

In this paper we describe the current status of the CALDER project, which is developing ultra-sensitive light detectors based on superconductors for cryogenic applications. When we apply an AC current to a superconductor, the Cooper pairs oscillate and acquire kinetic inductance, that can be measured by inserting the superconductor in a LC circuit with high merit factor. Interactions in the superconductor can break the Cooper pairs, causing sizable variations in the kinetic inductance and, thus, in the response of the LC circuit. The continuous monitoring of the amplitude and frequency modulation allows to reconstruct the incident energy with excellent sensitivity. This concept is at the basis of Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs), that are characterized by natural aptitude to multiplexed read-out (several sensors can be tuned to different resonant frequencies and coupled to the same line), resolution of few eV, stable behavior over a wide temperature range, and ease in fabrication. We present the results obtained by the CALDER collaboration with 2x2 cm2 substrates sampled by 1 or 4 Aluminum KIDs. We show that the performances of the first prototypes are already competitive with those of other commonly used light detectors, and we discuss the strategies for a further improvement